Most — in the City gals in Montreal don't live downtown. In 2021 there were about 718,832 people living in the urban fringe (less than 10 minutes from downtown) in Montreal. That is 70% more than in Toronto (440,411), and about 120% more than in Vancouver (330,368).
Calgary and Edmonton are in the 250-270k range.
Even in the Near suburb (10 to 20 min from downtown) category, Montreal (1,396,056) is ahead of Toronto (1,349,839) by a small margin still. Both cities are in a league of their own, as the next city is Edmonton with 780,955.
The only category where Toronto outgrew Montreal in absolute growth is in the downtown core, and in the distant suburb (30min or more from downtown).
Both Toronto and Vancouver saw their distant suburb population grow the most, about 200k in Toronto and 100k in Vancouver.
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220209/t005b-eng.htm
Toronto seems to only grow in the extremes, in its downtown and in the distant suburbs, that's weird, and it's textbook sprawl. What I find astonishing is that Toronto is losing the race against Montreal and Vancouver in the 2 most important categories, the urban fringe and the near suburb. This is where all the heavy transit network will take place, like the Metro and the REM in Montreal. You want to densify the urban core. It's like Toronto didn't saw any growth at all. You want to densify from the inside out,Montreal and Vancouver did that. The 3 cities saw a increase in the intermediate and distant suburb category, but Montreal being the city with the lowest absolute growth.
If Vancouver wants to have a more affordable real estate market, it should increase dramatically its urban core population. Toronto is sprawling and doing the same mistake as Vancouver. Zoning laws must change in those 2 cities.