The largest French and German cities in 1806 (population within municipal limits):
- Paris: 660,000
- Berlin: 182,000
- Hamburg: 130,000
- Lyon: 114,000
- Marseille: 99,000
- Bordeaux: 94,000
- Rouen: 87,000
- Nantes: 80,000
- Lille: 71,000
- Breslau: 64,000
- Dresden: 62,000
- Königsberg: 60,000
- Strasbourg: 51,000
- Toulouse: 51,000
- Danzig: 46,000
- Orléans: 43,000
- Metz: 42,000
- Nîmes: 41,000
- Cologne: 40,000
- Munich: 40,000
- Frankfurt: 40,000
- Amiens: 40,000
- Caen: 36,000
- Bremen: 36,000
- Montpellier: 33,000
- Leipzig: 32,000
- Reims: 32,000
- Brest: 31,000
- Clermont-Ferrand: 31,000
- Nancy: 31,000
- Rennes: 29,000
- Angers: 29,000
- Troyes: 29,000
- Besançon: 29,000
- Augsburg: 28,000
- Brunswick: 28,000
- Toulon: 28,000
- Saint-Etienne: 28,000
- Le Havre: 28,000
- Aachen: 27,000
- Dunkirk: 27,000
- Versailles: 27,000
- Nuremberg: 25,000
- Stuttgart: 22,000
- Roubaix-Tourcoing: 21,000
- Nice: 20,000
- Düsseldorf: 13,000
- Essen: 3,500
- Lens: 2,300
For comparison: NYC 80,000, Boston 30,000, Québec City 17,000, Montréal 11,000.
And a century later. Population in 1911 within a radius of 8 km (5 miles) from the city center (which covered the extent of European cities back then, except for Paris and Berlin where I've used a larger territory, i.e. the land area of today's city-state of Berlin).
Population in 1911:
- Paris: 4,486,700
- Berlin: 3,737,300
- Hamburg: 1,208,300
- Leipzig: 682,400
- Dresden: 658,200
- Munich: 613,600
- Cologne: 594,900
- Lyon: 578,200
- Essen: 576,100
- Breslau: 558,500
- Marseille: ca. 545,000
- Frankfurt-Offenbach: 533,400
- Nuremberg-Fürth: 415,400
- Düsseldorf-Neuss: 404,600
- Hanover: 395,400
- Lille: 373,100
- Stuttgart: 361,300
- Roubaix-Tourcoing: 357,300
- Bordeaux: 351,300
- Strasbourg: 240,100
- Rouen: 220,100
- Saint-Etienne: 203,100
- Nantes: 198,000
- Le Havre: 176,300
- Lens: 159,000
- Nancy: 158,800
- Nice: 157,00
- Toulouse: 155,400
Not all the largest German cities are there in 1911, but I've made the calculations for most of the largest ones.