1991.
Tucson (1972), Phoenix (1974), San Diego (1980), Los Angeles (1988) are the only cities that beat Austin. And none of their ordinances are as comprehensive or detailed as Austin’s. Tucson’s is the best of the four, as it does have city-wide rules, but the focus for these cities is protecting the glare from the view of observatories which are locally important. As such, they limit lumens only in certain zones around observatories.
Austin’s rationale is actually entirely different and required a more expansive approach: migratory birds and butterfly interruption from lighting. This requires lumen rules, up lighting barriers, timing and cutoff regulations, among many other things. In this respect, Austin was the first.
The approach that Denver (1997) took differs from both Austin and the four observatory cities. Here, the city cared primarily about light trespass from one property to another and to the public RoW and so the rules focus on placement and coverings to prevent it. Denver’s code does not care about light bleeding into the atmosphere. Lived there—can vouch.
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Houston: 2.4m (+3.9%) + MSA suburbs: 5.4m (+12%) + CSA exurbs: 200k (+5%)
Dallas: 1.3m (+2%) / FtW: 1.0m (+10%) + suburbs: 6.4m (9%) + exurbs: 566k (+9%)
San Antonio: 1.5m (+6%) + MSA suburbs: 1.2m (+10%) + CSA exurbs: 82k (+3%)
Austin: 994k (+3%) + MSA suburbs: 1.6m (+18%)
Texas (whole): 31.29m (+7%) / Texas (balance): 8.6m (+3%)
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