There must be hundreds of such historically significant buildings that heavily influenced later ones, all over the world.
As for Gothic churches and the extensive use of glass, the Sainte-Chapelle on the Île de la Cité in Central Paris is a fine example of that.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle
It was built really fast by that time (probably less than 10 years to erect it, a record in the 13th century), but it's not a large church to crush anything around. Not a cathedral at all, it would rather feel like something intimate if it wasn't filled with tourists or locals feeling curious at the remarkable medieval stained glass.
That's just an example among many others. For instance, outside our Western world, I'm pretty sure if we took a close look at traditional Indian or Islamic architecture (the latter being widely related to the former), we'd find some buildings that were significantly influential on the global stage as well.
In the US, I guess the 1st high-rises built from the 1890s to the 1920s are important too.
Not that all of them really were innovative in their styles from an artistic standpoint. I guess Art Deco ones are the most original, by far.
But they stand as an engineering breakthrough of their time anyway, having set new construction standards, probably widely inspired by the Eiffel tower that's never been a building. Just a showcase of construction engineering.